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Last updated June 2009
International Agricultural Trade
Overview
International agricultural trade has been described as inexplicable, exasperating, and the most distorted segment of the global economy. Nevertheless, it is important to agricultural producers, and that importance grows as production surpasses domestic demand. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS) reports that the United States is the world's largest agricultural exporter with nearly one quarter of farm cash receipts coming from export markets. International agricultural trade is a complex subject that involves many different facets of international and domestic law, including international treaties and agreements, domestic trade laws, and general policy decisions. This overview focuses on these broad concepts in the large, intricate subject area of international agricultural trade.
Read the full overview
Note: Recently added resources are posted at the top of the applicable sections.
Major Statutes
States' Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) Statutes
Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act, 7 U.S.C. §§ 1691-1738r
Uruguay Round Trade Agreements Act, 19 U.S.C. §§ 3501-3624
Agriculture-Related Provisions, 19 U.S.C. §§ 3601-3624
Foreign Market Development, 7 U.S.C. §§ 1761-1769
Surplus Disposal of Agricultural Commodities, 7 U.S.C. §§ 1854-1860
Agricultural Trade Suspension Adjustment Act, 7 U.S.C. §§ 4001-4005
Agricultural Trade Act of 1978, 7 U.S.C. §§ 5601-5723
Bipartisan Trade Promotion Authority Act of 2002 19 U.S.C. §§ 3801-3813
North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, 19 U.S.C. 3301-3473
Tariff Act of 1930, 19 U.S.C. §§ 1202-1681b
Regulations
Export Sales Reporting Requirements, 7 C.F.R. §§ 20.1-20.12
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Regulations, 7 C.F.R. §§ 300-380
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Regulations, 9 C.F.R. §§ 1-167
Commodity Credit Corporation Regulations to Develop Foreign Markets
, 7 C.F.R. §§ 1484-1485
Foreign Agriculture Service Regulations, 7 C.F.R. §§ 1520-1570
Food Safety and Inspection Service Import Regulations, 9 C.F.R §§ 327.1-327.26
Food Safety and Inspection Service Export Regulations, 9 C.F.R. §§ 322.1-322.5
Federal Register Rules Open for Comment
Center published Federal Register Digest
Case Law
Case Summaries from the National AgLaw Reporter
Desert Glory, Ltd. v. United States (2005) (antidumping investigation notice)
Than Viet Do v. United States Secretary of Agriculture (2006) (Trade Adjustment Assistance)
Piazza's Seafood World, LLC v. Odom (2006) (state labeling statute)
United States v. Norris (2006) (CITES sentencing)
An Giang Agriculture and Food Import Export Company v. United States (2004)
(Dep't of Commerce statutory authority)
Center Research Publications
International Legal Issues Concerning Animal Cloning and Nanotechnology -- More of the Same
or Are "The Times They Are A-Changin'"? (Roberts, 2008)
Private Standards in the Global Food Sector: Relationship to WTO Agreements -
PowerPoint Presentation (Roberts, 2008)
Introduction to Food Law in the People's Republic of China (Roberts, 2007)
A Comparison of International Animal Identification Programs (Pendergrass, 2007)
Summary of the WTO Interim Report in EC-Biotech (Peck, 2006)
From the Farm to the Factory: An Overview of the American and European
Approaches to Regulation of the Beef Industry (Houston, 2006)
World Trade Organization and the Commodity Title of the Next Farm Bill: A Practioner's View
(O'Brien, 2006)
Administrative Law Decisions
USDA Office of the Administrative Law Judges
USDA Office of the Judicial Officer
USDA National Appeals Division
Center published USDA Judicial Officer's Decisions
U.S. Customs and Border Protection Rulings
U.S. International Trade Commission Investigations
Congressional Research Service Reports
CRS Subject(s):
Trade - Agreements
Trade - Disputes
Trade - Miscellaneous
Trade - Sanctions
Reference Resources
Animal and Plant Inspection Service (APHIS)
Import and Export
Animal Health Permits
International Animal Export Regulations
Customs and Border Protection (CBP)
Protecting the Food Supply: Agriculture Inspections
Publications: Trade
Import Quotas
Informed Compliance Publications
Agricultural Marketing Service Importation Inspection Requirement
Bringing Agricultural Products into the U.S.
Summary of Agricultural Laws Enforced
Commodities Subject to Import Quotas
Economic Research Service (ERS)
Briefing Room: U.S. Agricultural Trade
Briefing Room: World Trade Organization
Briefing Room: North American Free Trade Agreement
Briefing Room: Global Food Markets
Briefing Room: Global Resources and Productivity
Topic: International Agriculture
Topic: Trade & International Markets
Topic: Trade Policy
Publications:
Outlook for U.S. Agricultural Trade (1995- )
U.S. Agricultural Trade Update (1995-2008)
Foreign Agricultural Trade of the United States
International Agriculture and Trade Situation and Outlook Reports (1995- )
Eliminating Fruit and Vegetable Planting Restrictions: How Would Markets Be Affected? (2006)
Changing Structure of Global Food Consumption and Trade (2001)
Agricultural Markets/Trade Projections Publications
Food Safety and International Trade Research Briefs
Food Sector/Product Trade Publications
International Publications
International Trade Publications
Policy Topics/Trade Policy Publications
Trade & International Markets Publications
Export.gov
Agribusiness
U.S. Free Trade Agreements
State Department
Multilateral Trade and Agricultural Affairs
The USA National Report on Agriculture, Rural Development, Land, Drought, Desertification and
Africa (2008)
Free Trade Agreements
International Claims and Investment Disputes (L/CID)
Country Reports on Economic Policy and Trade Practices
U.S. Trade Representative
Agriculture Sector
Monitoring and Enforcement: Dispute Settlement
Congressional Resources
Reports on International Agricultural Trade (Government Accountability Office)
Other Federal Resources
Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS)
International Marketing (AMS)
National Organic Program: International Issues (AMS)
Regulating Pesticides: International Issues (EPA)
U.S. Court of International Trade
Agriculture (USAID)
U.S. Trade and Development Agency (USTDA)
International Trade Data System
Farm Bill 2002 Agricultural Trade and Aid
International Resources
United Nations
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL)
Bibliography of Recent Writings Related to the Work of UNCITRAL
UNCITRAL On-line Resources
Publications & On-line Resources
Sales Publications
Commission & Working Groups Documents
UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTD)
Trade and development aspects of insurance services and regulatory frameworks
(UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2007/4), 01/12/07
Developing Countries in International Trade 2007: Trade and Development Index
(UNCTAD/DITC/TAB/2007/2), 01/10/07
UNCTAD BioTrade Initiative BioTrade Principles and Criteria
(UNCTAD/DITC/TED/2007/4), 01/09/07
Malawi and the Multilateral Trading System: The Impact of WTO Agreements, Negotiations and
Implementation (UNCTAD/DITC/TNCD/2005/18), 01/11/06
Agri-Food Trade Policy (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada)
Asian-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Publications
European Union
Activities of the European Union - Agriculture
Activities of the European Union - Summaries of Legislation - Agriculture
Agricultural Markets (European Commission)
Delegation of the European Union to the USA: Agriculture
Delegation of the European Union to the USA: Trade
Delegation of the European Union to the USA: Food Safety, Health & Consumer Affairs Policy
European Union Legal Materials: An Infrequent User's Guide (Duncan Alford)
Basic Info and Online Sources for NAFTA and CAFTA Research (Avalos and Garmon)
International Chamber of Commerce
International Chamber of Commerce: Commercial Law and Practice
International Chamber of Commerce: Trade and Investment
International Chamber of Commerce Dispute Resolution Services
International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Archives
"Sustainable Agriculture" Contributions by the Private Sector (2008)
International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development Directorate for Food, Ag & Fisheries
World Bank
Trade
Documents & Reports on Agricultural Trade
Agricultural Trade
Agriculture in the Doha Agenda (Messerlin, World Bank, 2003)
World Trade Organization
Agriculture
Negotiations, Implementation and Development: The Doha Agenda
Agriculture Negotiations
Hong Kong Ministerial Declaration
Agricultural Trade Statistics
Dispute Issues
World Trade Organization Library
WTO Resources
WTO Documents Online (1995- )
GATT Digital Library (1947-1994, Stanford U. Library)
Trade-Related Ministries of WTO Members and Observers
Trade-Related Multilateral Governmental Organizations
Regional Trade Agreements
Databases on Trade Law
Databases on International Trade Law
Databases on Trade and Economics
Additional Resources
International Trade Posts (United States Agricultural & Food Law and Policy Blog)
International Food and Agricultural Trade Policy Council
International Trade Law (World Legal Information Institute)
International Trade Law (Legal Information Institute - Cornell)
WTO Trade and Labor Issues (Cornell U.)
International Economic Law (ASIL)
United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Database (Pace U.
School of Law)
Lex Mercatoria International Trade Law
Guide to International Trade Law Sources on the Internet (LLRX)
WTO/GATT Research (LLRX)
WorldTradeLaw.net's Trade Law Library
White & Case Publications on International Trade
International Agricultural Trade Research Consortium
The German Marshall Fund of the United States
International Agricultural Trade and Policy Center (U. FL)
National Law Center for Inter-American Free Trade
International Trade Regulation of Agricultural Products (Infography.com)
Glossaries:
Glossary of Customs Terms (Automated System for Customs Data)
FAO - Trade in Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry Glossary and Acronyms
WTO Glossary
EU External Trade Glossary
ERS/USDA Data - Agricultural Trade Multipliers: Glossary
Glossary - Trade Resource Center
Glossary of Terms Relating to Agricultural Trade (Agritrade)
Glossary of Trade & Shipping Terms
Defra, UK - Animal Health and Welfare - International Trade - Glossary
Publications
The Center for International Environmental Law: Trade publications
Should the Green Box Be Modified? (International Food & Agricultural Trade Policy Council, 2007)
The Limits of American Generosity (Bhala, 2006)
U.S. Agricultural Export Credits after the WTO Cotton Ruling: The Law of Unintended Consequences
(Benitah, 2005)
International Trade in Ag Products: A Research Guide (Peoples, OK City U., 2004)
International Agricultural Trade Disputes: Case Studies in North America (Schmitz et al., 2003)
Right to Food Principles Vis a Vis Rules Governing International Trade (Gray, 2003)
Food Aid and Commercial International Food Trade (Barrett, 2002)
Structural Change as a Source of Trade Disputes Under NAFTA
(Loyns et al., Agricultural and Food Policy Systems Information Workshop, 2002)
The Appellate Body Rulings in the Shrimp/Turtle Case: A New Legal Baseline for the
Trade and Environment Debate (Howse, 2002)
Global Marketplace Agricultural Products Legal Aspects (PA Dept. of Ag., 2001)
Europe's Evolving Regulatory Strategy for GMOs - The Issue of Consistency with WTO Law:
Of Kine and Brine (Howse & Mavroidis, 2000)
Competition Policy and International Agricultural Trade (MacLaren & Josling)
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