The National Agricultural Law Center
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Environmental Law


Overview

Environmental law is a body of law dedicated to the protection of the natural environment from degradation as a result of human influences. The earliest of legal remedies available for environmental problems can be found in the common law under trespass and nuisance. While these two causes of action are still valid, the "right to farm" laws enacted in all fifty states have limited their effect. Specific statutory protection of the environment began in 1899, when the United States passed the first federal environmental law. Entitled the Rivers and Harbors Act, it provided a legal alternative to limiting the amount of water pollution in the nation's navigable waters. Modern environmental law began developing in the 1950s with the passage of statutes such as the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (later referred to as the Clean Water Act) and the Clean Air Act. Read the full overview

Note: Recently added resources are posted at the top of the applicable sections.

Major Statutes

State and Federal Climate Change Statutes
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 9601-9675
Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 7 U.S.C. §§ 136-136y
Federal Water Pollution and Control Act (a/k/a Clean Water Act), 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387
Federal Air Pollution and Control Act (a/k/a Clean Air Act), 42 U.S.C. §§ 7401-7671q
Endangered Species Act, 16 U.S.C. §§ 1531-1544
National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321-4370f
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 6901-6908a
Toxic Substances Control Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 2601-2629
Pollution Prevention Act, 42 U.S.C. §§ 13101-13109

Regulations

CAFO Regulations
Air Programs Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 50-99
Water Programs Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 100-149
Pesticide Programs Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 150-180
Radiation Protection Programs Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 190-197
Noise Abatement Programs Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 201-211
Ocean Dumping Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 220-238
Solid Waste Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 239-259
Solid Waste Regulations (continued), 40 C.F.R. pts. 260-299
Superfund, Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Programs Regulations,
40 C.F.R. pts. 300-399
Effluent Guidelines and Standards Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 400-424
Effluent Guidelines and Standards Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 425-471
Sewage Sludge Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 501-503
Energy Policy Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 600-610
Toxic Substances Control Act Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 700-789
Toxic Substances Control Act Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 790-799
Air Pollution Controls Regulations, 40 C.F.R. pts. 1027-1074
Search Federal Register Regulations
Federal Register Digest

Case Law

Case Law Index for Environmental Law

Administrative Law Decisions

EPA Office of Administrative Law Judges
Environmental Appeals Board
EPA Animal Feeding Operations Compliance and Enforcement Cases
USDA Office of Administrative Law Judges
USDA National Appeals Division
Environmental Appeals Board
FIFRA Decisions (EPA, Environmental Appeals Board)
Regional Judicial Officer Decisions on FIFRA (EPA)
Center published USDA Judicial Officer's Decisions

Center Research Publications

Approval of Pesticides (R. Rumley, 2012)
Water Quality Credit Trading: A Primer of Background Material (Jackson, 2010)
The Clean Water Act: Current Status and Potential Changes (R. Rumley, 2010)
The Clean Water Authority Restoration Act: A Primer of Background Material
(Goeringer & Rumley, 2009)
State and Federal Climate Change Statutes (Goeringer, 2009)
Environmental Law: Federal Laws That Affect Agriculture - PowerPoint Presentation (Springsteen, 2009)
Clarifying NPDES Requirements for Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations (Centner)
Government Oversight of Animal Feeding Operations (Centner)
Legal Liability Issues in Agricultural Biotechnology (Kershen)
2005 Environmental Law Update (Feitshans)
Managing Carbon in a World Economy: The Role of American Agriculture (Garry)
Biodiversity and Law: Culture of Agriculture and Nature of Nature Conservation (Harbison)
Biodiversity and the Law of Nature Conservation in Great Britain (Harbison)
From the Farm to the Factory: An Overview of the American and European Approaches to
Regulation of the Beef Industry
(Houston)
Supreme Court Considers Preemption of State Law Claims Under the FIFRA (Pittman)

Congressional Research Service Reports

CRS Subject(s):
Climate Change
Environmental Issues

Agricultural Law Bibliography

Introduction   |   Keyword Search   |   Browse Categories

Legal publications on Environmental Law:
Biotechnology
Environmental Issues
Land Use Regulation
Pesticides, Herbicides, Insecticides, Fungicides, Fertilizers

Reference Resources

Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Home
ARS Research National Programs
National Research Program: Natural Resources and Sustainable Agricultural Systems


Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
Civil Works Environmental Compliance
Environment
Civil Works


Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES)
National Emphasis Area: Natural Resources & Environment
Animal Manure Management
NRCS Programs for Environmental Planning
Environmental Planning on Livestock and Poultry Operations
Small Farm Environmental Issues Articles
Pesticide Environmental Stewardship FAQs and Articles - eXtension


Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)

Environmental Laws Applicable to Construction and Operation of Biodiesel Production Facilities
Agriculture
Agriculture Regulatory Matrix
Major Environmental Laws
EPA's Strategic Plan
Agroecosystems Information
Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
Toxics Release Inventory Data
Index of Agriculture Topics
Animals/Waste Topics:
National Agricultural Compliance Assistance Center (NACAC)
Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations Compliance Monitoring
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Permit: Agriculture
NPDES: Animal Feeding Operations
Unified National Strategy for Animal Feeding Operations (EPA/USDA)
Animal Feeding Operations Air Agreement
EPA Topic: Animal Waste
Regulations Relating to Animal Feeding Operations
Producers' Compliance Guide for CAFOs - Revised CWA Regulations for Concentrated
Animal Feeding Operations

Biosolids Recycling: Beneficial Technology for a Better Environment
Animal Feeding Operations - Compliance and Enforcement
Water Topics:
EPA Topic: Water
Clean Water Act (National Agriculture Compliance Assistance Center)
Watershed Assessment, Tracking and Environmental Benefits
Clean Water Act Information
Polluted Runoff (Nonpoint Source Pollution)
Water Quality Standards for Wetlands: National Guidance
Air Topics:
Clean Air Act Information
Hazardous Materials Topics:
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act Information
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Information
Cleanup Enforcement: Landowner Liability Protections
Policy Toward Owners of Property Containing Contaminated Aquifers - Memorandum
Pesticides Topics:
Pesticides
Worker Protection Standard for Agricultural Pesticides
Federal Register Pesticide Documents
Fact Sheets
Nonpoint Source Pollution
Ag 101
Pesticides and NPDES Permits
Survey of the Nation's Lakes
Animal Agriculture: What To Expect When EPA Inspects Your Livestock Operation
FQPA - Review of Pesticides and Pesticide Registration
Pesticides -- Information Commercial Handlers Must Provide to Growers
Pesticides- Information Growers Must Provide to Commercial Handlers
Waste-Derived Fertilizers
The Ecosystem Approach: Healthy Ecosystems and Sustainable Economies
Strategy for Water Quality Standards and Criteria: Setting Priorities to Strengthen the
Foundation for Protecting and Restoring the Nation's Waters

CAFO Clean Water Act Requirements: What Are the Federal Record-Keeping and Reporting
Requirements?

CAFO Clean Water Act Requirements: What Are the Federal Requirements for Beef Cattle or
Veal Calf?

CAFO Clean Water Act Requirements: What Are the Federal Requirements for Chicken
and Turkey?

CAFO Clean Water Act Requirements: What Are the Federal Requirements for Dairy
Cattle or Heifer CAFOs?

CAFO Clean Water Act Requirements: What Are the Federal Requirements for Duck CAFOs?
CAFO Clean Water Act Requirements: What Are the Federal Requirements for Horse and
Sheep CAFOs?

Threats to Wetlands
Types of Wetlands


Economic Research Service (ERS)
Key Topics: Natural Resources & Environment
Briefing Room: Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS)
Briefing Room: Animal Agriculture and the Environment

Briefing Room: Conservation Policy
Briefing Room: Environmental Interactions with Agricultural Production
Briefing Room: Global Climate Change
Briefing Room: Global Resources and Productivity
Briefing Room: Irrigation and Water Use
Briefing Room: Land Use, Value, and Management
Briefing Room: Organic Agriculture
Data Sets: Major Land Uses
Publications: Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators
Research Emphasis: Harmony Between Agriculture and the Environment
Selected ERS Recommended Readings:
The Use of Markets to Increase Private Investment in Environmental Stewardship
Integrating Conservation and Commodity Program Payments: A Look at the Tradeoffs
(Claassen, 2007)
Regional Environment and Agriculture Programming Model (REAP) (Johansson, 2007)
Agricultural Policy Affects Land Use and the Environment (Lubowski, 2006)
Agricultural Resources and Environmental Indicators, 2006 Edition (Weibe, 2006)
Wetlands and Agriculture: Private Interests and Public Benefits (Heimlich et al., 1998)
For an expanded list of ERS Recommended Readings, please click here.


Farm Service Agency (FSA)
Conservation Programs
Environmental and Cultural Compliance
2008 Farm Bill Changes to Conservation Programs
Fact Sheets
FSA Handbooks
FSA Handbook for Conservation and Environmental Protection
Conservation Cost-Share Automation System Operations
CCC Conservation Automation System Operations
Conservation Reserve Program
Agricultural Resource Conservation Program
Conservation Reserve Program Offer and Contract Processing
Emergency Conservation Program
Environmental Quality Programs
Stewardship Incentive Program


Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS)
Pesticides and Wildlife
The Endangered Species Program
Legislation
Private Landowners, States, and the Endangered Species Act


National Agricultural Library (NAL)
Water Quality Information Center
Agricultural Environmental Management
Natural Resources and Environment
National Invasive Species Information Center
Soil and Water Management


Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS)
Agricultural Air Quality Task Force
NRCS Conservation Programs
Directives and Manuals Field Office Technical Guides
Field Office Technical Guides (eFOTG)
Regional Boundaries, State Offices, Centers
Conservation Resource Briefs on Water, Soil, Wetlands and Energy
Agricultural Management Assistance
Dynamic Bibliographies (organized by topic)
Water Quality Technical Resources
Air Quality and Atmospheric Change
National Conservation Practice Standards
Environmental Compliance


United States Geological Survey (USGS)
National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA)
Water Resources
Animal Feeding Operations: Effects on Hydrologic Resources and the Environment
Toxic Substances Hydrology Program: Animal Feeding Operations


United States Forest Service
Pesticide Management and Coordination
Ecosystem Services
Climate Change and Water
Water and the Forest Service
Water Quality Protection Measures


Congressional Resoures
Climate Change: Observations on the Potential Role of Carbon Offsets in Climate Change Legislation
(GAO-09-456T, 2009)
Climate Change: Observations on Federal Efforts to Adapt to a Changing Climate (GAO-09-534T, 2009)
U.S. Department of Agriculture: Improved Management Controls Can Enhance Effectiveness of
Key Conservation Programs
(GAO-09-528T, 2009)
Climate Change Science: High Quality Greenhouse Gas Emissions Data are a Cornerstone of Programs
to Address Climate Change
(GAO-09-423T)
CAFOs: EPA Needs More Information and a Clearly Defined Strategy to Protect Air and Water
Quality from Pollutants of Concern
(GAO-08-944)
Agricultural Conservation: Farm Program Payments Are an Important Factor
in Landowners' Decisions to Convert Grassland to Cropland
(GAO 07-1054)
Climate Change: Agencies Should Develop Guidance for Addressing the Effects on Federal
Land and Water Resources
(GAO 07-863)
Agricultural Conservation: Farm Program Payments Are an Important Factor in
Landowners' Decisions to Convert Grassland to Cropland
(GAO 07-1054)
Climate Change: Expert Opinion on the Economics of Policy Options to Address Climate Change
(GAO 08-605)
Carbon Offsets: The U.S. Voluntary Market is Growing, but Quality Assurance Poses Challenges
for Market Participants
(GAO 08-1048)
Climate Change: Federal Actions Will Greatly Affect the Viability of Carbon Capture and Storage
as a Key Mitigation Option
(GAO 08-1080)
Reports on Pesticides (Government Accountability Office)
U.S. Senate Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry Committee
U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works
U.S. House Committee on Agriculture


Other Federal Resources
National Center for Environmental Health: Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations
(Centers for Disease Control)
Pesticides, Metals, Chemical Contaminants, and Natural Toxins (Food and Drug Administration)
Pesticide Illness and Injury Surveillance (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC)
National Ag Safety Database--Chemicals/Pesticides (CDC)
Climate Literacy: The Essential Principles of Climate Literacy (U.S. Global Change Research Program/Climate Change Science Program)


Publications
Environmental Resource Indicators for Measuring Outcomes of On-Farm Agricultural Production in the
United States, First Report
(Field to Market: The Keystone Alliance for Sustainable Agriculture, 2009)
General Practitioner's Guide to Livestock Production and Manure Management Plans in Iowa (Epley, 2008)
Legal Liability Issues for Handling Manure (Hall, OH St. Ext., 2007)
Scientific Opinion: Aflatoxin Effects on Human Health (European Food Safety Authority, 2007)
Is Your Farm "EQIPed" for Conservation? A Farmers' Guide to Understanding the Environmental
Quality Incentives Program
(Farmers' Legal Action Group - FLAG, 2007)
A Farmer's Guide To Agriculture and Water Quality Issues (N.C. State U, 2005)
U.S. Agri-Environmental Programs and Their Potential Implications for Agricultural Trade
(Cooper, U. CA-Berkley, 2005)
International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of Pesticides (Food and Agriculture
Organization of the United Nations - FAO, 2005)
Air Emissions From Animal Feeding Operations: Current Knowledge, Future Needs (National
Academies Press, 2003)
Iowa Concentrated Animal Feeding Operation Air Quality Study (U. of IA, 2003)
EPA Addresses Conflict Between FIFRA and CWA (IL Pesticide Review, 2003)
The Future Role of Pesticides in U.S. Agriculture (National Academies Press, 2000)
Small Farms Fact Sheet Series (Livestock and Poultry Environmental Stewardship Commission)
Carbon Management at the Farm Scale (Nebraska Environmental Trust Fund Project)


Additional Resources
Environmental Law Posts (United States Agricultural & Food Law and Policy Blog)
Climate Change and Carbon Management Blog (Alston + Bird LLP)
Environment, Energy, and Resources Section (American Bar Association)
Agricultural and Food Policy: Conservation Program Government Resources (U. AR)
American Farmland Trust
Pesticide Information Profiles (EXTOXNET)
Pesticide Management (FAO)







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